Eastward subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Indo-Myanmese arc revealed by teleseismic P-wave tomography          下载免费PDF全文

Yu Gao  Jiansi Yang  Yu Zheng 《地震科学（英文版）》2022,35(4):243-262

The deep structure of the eastward-subducting Indian plate can provide new information on the dynamics of the India-Eurasia collision. We collected and processed waveform data from temporary seismic arrays (networks) on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, seismic arrays in Northeast India and Myanmar, and permanent stations of the China Digital Seismic Network in Tibet, Gansu, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Sichuan. We combined these data with phase reports from observation stations of the International Seismological Center on the Indian plate and selected 124,808 high-quality P-wave relative travel-time residuals. Next, we used these data to invert the 3-D P-wave velocity structure of the upper mantle to a depth of 800 km beneath the eastern segment of the arcuate Himalayan orogen, at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The results reveal a high-angle, easterly dipping subducting plate extending more than 200 km beneath the Indo-Myanmese arc. The plate breaks off at roughly 96°E; its fragments have passed through the 410-km discontinuity (D410) into the mantle transition zone (MTZ). The MTZ beneath the Tengchong volcanic area contains a high-velocity anomaly, which does not exceed the Red River fault to the east. No other large-scale continuous subducted plates were observed in the MTZ. However, a horizontally spreading high-velocity anomaly was identified on the D410 in some regions. The anomaly may represent the negatively buoyant 90°E Ridge plate or a thickened and delaminated lithospheric block experiencing collision and compression at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The Tengchong volcano may originate from the mantle upwelling through the slab window formed by the break-off of the subducting Indian continental plate and oceanic plate in the upper mantle. Low-velocity upper mantle materials on the west side of the Indo-Myanmese arc may have supplemented materials to the Tengchong volcano.  相似文献   

Gridded reconstruction of the population in the traditional cultivated region of China from 1776 to 1953     

Xuezhen ZHANG  Fahao WANG  Weidong LU  Shicheng LI  Jingyun ZHENG 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2022,65(2):365-378

Using modern census and environmental factor data,this study first identified the environmental factors that significantly affect the population distribution through Geodetector analysis and then constructed a population spatial distribution model based on the random forest regression algorithm.Finally,with this model and historical population data that were examined and corrected by historians,gridded population distributions with a spatial resolution of 10 km by 10 km in the traditional cultivated region of China(TCRC,hereafter)were reconstructed for six time slices from 1776 to 1953.Using the reconstruction dataset,the spatiotemporal characteristics of the population distribution were depicted.The results showed that(1)the environmental factors that significantly affected the population density differences among counties in the TCRC mainly consisted of elevation,slope,relief amplitude,distances to the nearest prefectural and provincial capitals,distance to the nearest river and the climatology moisture index.(2)Using the census data of 1934 counties in the TCRC in 2000 and the abovementioned environmental factor data,a random forest regression algorithm-based population spatial distribution model was constructed.Its determination coefficient(R²)is 0.81.In 88.4%of the counties(districts),the relative errors of the model predictions were less than 50%.(3)From 1776 to 1953,the total population in the study area showed an uptrend.Prior to 1851,the population increased mainly in the Yangtze River Delta.During this period,the number of grid cells in which the population densities were greater than 500 persons per km² increased from 292 to 683.From 1851 to 1953,the population increased extensively across the study area.In the North China Plain and the Pearl River Delta,the number of grid cells in which the population densities were greater than 500 persons per km² increased from 36 to 88 and from 4 to 35,respectively.The spatial clustering pattern of the population distribution varied temporally.The potential reasons included the shifts in economic development hot spots,traditional beliefs,wars,famine,and immigration policies.(4)Between our reconstructions and the HYDE dataset,there are large differences in the data sources,selected environmental factors and modeling methods.As a consequence,in comparison to our reconstructions,there were fewer populations in the eastern area and more populations in the western area from 1776 to 1851 and more populations in urban areas and fewer populations in rural areas after 1851 in the HYDE dataset.  相似文献   

Under the surface: Pressure-induced planetary-scale waves,volcanic lightning,and gaseous clouds caused by the submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano     

David A. Yuen  Melissa A. Scruggs  Frank J. Spera  Yingcai Zheng  Hao Hu  Stephen R. McNutt  Glenn Thompson  Kyle Mandli  Barry R. Keller  Songqiao Shawn Wei  Zhigang Peng  Zili Zhou  Francesco Mulargia  Yuichiro Tanioka 《地震研究进展（英文）》2022,2(3):100134

We present a narrative of the eruptive events culminating in the cataclysmic January 15, 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai Volcano by synthesizing diverse preliminary seismic, volcanological, sound wave, and lightning data available within the first few weeks after the eruption occurred. The first hour of eruptive activity produced fast-propagating tsunami waves, long-period seismic waves, loud audible sound waves, infrasonic waves, exceptionally intense volcanic lightning and an unsteady volcanic plume that transiently reached—at 58 ?km—the Earth's mesosphere. Energetic seismic signals were recorded worldwide and the globally stacked seismogram showed episodic seismic events within the most intense periods of phreatoplinian activity, and they correlated well with the infrasound pressure waveform recorded in Fiji. Gravity wave signals were strong enough to be observed over the entire planet in just the first few hours, with some circling the Earth multiple times subsequently. These large-amplitude, long-wavelength atmospheric disturbances come from the Earth's atmosphere being forced by the magmatic mixture of tephra, melt and gasses emitted by the unsteady but quasi-continuous eruption from 0402±1–1800 UTC on January 15, 2022. Atmospheric forcing lasted much longer than rupturing from large earthquakes recorded on modern instruments, producing a type of shock wave that originated from the interaction between compressed air and ambient (wavy) sea surface. This scenario differs from conventional ideas of earthquake slip, landslides, or caldera collapse-generated tsunami waves because of the enormous (～1000x) volumetric change due to the supercritical nature of volatiles associated with the hot, volatile-rich phreatoplinian plume. The time series of plume altitude can be translated to volumetric discharge and mass flow rate. For an eruption duration of ～12 ?h, the eruptive volume and mass are estimated at 1.9 ?km³ and ～2 900 ?Tg, respectively, corresponding to a VEI of 5–6 for this event. The high frequency and intensity of lightning was enhanced by the production of fine ash due to magma—seawater interaction with concomitant high charge per unit mass and the high pre-eruptive concentration of dissolved volatiles. Analysis of lightning flash frequencies provides a rapid metric for plume activity and eruption magnitude. Many aspects of this eruption await further investigation by multidisciplinary teams. It represents a unique opportunity for fundamental research regarding the complex, non-linear behavior of high energetic volcanic eruptions and attendant phenomena, with critical implications for hazard mitigation, volcano forecasting, and first-response efforts in future disasters.  相似文献   

Subglacial Meltwater Recharge in the Dongkemadi River Basin,Yangtze River Source Region     

Qiule He  Xingxing Kuang  Jiachang Chen  Jiu Jimmy Jiao  Sihai Liang  Chunmiao Zheng 《Ground water》2022,60(3):434-450

Glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau play an important role in the local hydrological cycle. However, there are only few studies on groundwater in the alpine basins in the Tibetan Plateau which considered the effects of glaciers. Glaciers are extensively distributed in the Dongkemadi River Basin, which is a representative alpine basin in the Yangtze River source region. This study focuses on building a numerical groundwater flow model with glaciations using HydroGeoSphere (HGS) to simulate subglacial meltwater recharge to groundwater in the Dongkemadi River Basin in response to future climate changes. Effects of hydraulic conductivity, precipitation, and temperature on subglacial meltwater recharge to groundwater were discussed. Glacier changes in the future 50 years were predicted under different climate change scenarios. Results show that: (1) the average thickness of the glacier will change significantly; (2) the simulated rate of annual mean subglacial meltwater recharge to groundwater is 4.58 mm, which accounts for 6.33% of total groundwater recharge; and (3) hydraulic conductivity has the largest influence on subglacial meltwater recharge to groundwater, followed by temperature and precipitation. Results of this study are also important to sustainable water resource usage in the Yangtze River source region.  相似文献   

常见稀有气体采样容器研究进展及意义     

宋宏  李立武  汤庆艳  鲍坚  苏天宝  张家和  许仕海  郑国东  李中平 《地质科学》2022,57(1):274-293

稀有气体是地学研究的重要手段之一,在研究成矿流体来源、壳幔相互作用过程中具有重要的研究意义,其组成及同位素比值是研究天体和地质体来源、成岩机理及各种地质和物理化学过程的关键,可作为地球化学示踪剂。如何有效地在大气圈、水圈和岩石圈进行稀有气体同位素样品的提取,是气体同位素研究急需解决的基础科学问题,所以气体采样容器和取样技术显得尤为重要。本文在文献调研的基础上,对常见的采样容器的优缺点进行对比,并总结了不同采样容器对稀有气体取样的优劣性。常见的气体采集容器包括不锈钢瓶、铜管、玻璃瓶、气体采样袋、注射器等,而稀有气体的采集容器常为不锈钢瓶和铜管等;通过对比表明不锈钢瓶具有耐高温、耐高压、抗强腐蚀、不易燃、不易爆等特点和优越性,在气体样品采集和运输过程中稳定性最好,实验效果也最好;铜管采样效果和密封性好,但操作较为复杂;玻璃采样容器效果次之;石英玻璃瓶虽然操作简便,但是运输保存不便;气体采样袋和注射器的采集和运输储存效果较差。因此建议稀有气体样品采集使用不锈钢瓶和铜管以及钠钙材质的玻璃瓶,不建议将石英材质玻璃容器以及注射器和气袋作为稀有气体的采样工具。该工作可为气体地球化学的研究提供新的参考。  相似文献   

中亚造山带东南部晚古生代-早中生代地壳增生和古亚洲洋演化:来自内蒙古东南部林西-东乌旗地区岩浆岩的证据SCIEI北大核心CSCD     

刘建峰  李锦轶  赵硕  张进  郑荣国  张文龙  吕前露  郑培玺 《岩石学报》2022,(8):2181-2215

本文在系统收集内蒙古林西-东乌旗地区晚古生代-早中生代岩浆岩的年代学、岩石地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素资料基础上,通过分析岩浆岩岩石组合随时空的变化规律,并结合区域地质资料,探讨了中亚造山带东南部洋盆演化和地壳增生等重要地质问题。研究结果表明,二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带南、北两侧晚古生代-早中生代岩浆岩在年代学上显示不同的活动期次,具有不同岩石组合和地球化学特征,指示它们分属于不同的构造岩浆岩带。蛇绿岩带以北晚泥盆世-中二叠世岩浆活动在时间上呈连续分布的特征,并在晚石炭-早二叠世时期达到活动峰值。火成岩构造组合分析表明,晚泥盆世-石炭纪和早-中二叠世岩浆活动分别与二连浩特-贺根山洋盆向乌里雅斯太大陆边缘之下的俯冲和洋盆闭合后俯冲板片断离引起的软流圈上涌造成的区域伸展背景有关。蛇绿岩带以南岩浆活动时间上呈现石炭纪、早-中二叠世、晚二叠世-三叠纪幕式分布特征,各期岩浆活动前锋有随时间向南迁移的趋势。这三期岩浆活动分别与古亚洲洋板片向宝力道岛弧之下的俯冲、板片后撤以及洋盆消失之后古板块的碰撞造山作用有关。锆石Hf同位素分析表明,中亚造山带东南部晚古生代至早中生代时期存在显著的地壳增生;其中二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带以北表现为地壳的垂向增生,以南表现为地壳的侧向增生。  相似文献   

川滇黔二叠系铅锌成矿物质来源：C-H-O-S-Pb同位素制约——以云南太平子铅锌矿为例          下载免费PDF全文

丁伟品  谢财富  黄诚  张斌  辛卓  詹华思  郑立龙  孔凡全  王红兵  黄福林 《中国地质》2022,49(6):1845-1861

【研究目的】川滇黔地区铅锌矿成因具有多样性,特别是与峨眉山玄武岩的关系存在较大的争议,本文从前人关注较少的二叠系碳酸盐岩中的铅锌矿入手,研究成矿物质来源。【研究方法】以云南寻甸县太平子铅锌矿为研究对象,运用S、Pb、C、H、O同位素实验数据及流体包裹体测温等方法,对成矿物质来源及成矿流体特征进行探讨。【研究结果】矿石铅同位素组成比较均一,分布集中,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb的变化范围分别为18.543～18.584、15.646～15.694、38.799～38.958,属于正常普通铅,具壳源特征,主要来源于基底岩石,水岩反应可能使赋矿围岩贡献少量的成矿物质。矿石硫化物δ³⁴S变化范围为-13.6‰～-7.3‰,方铅矿的δ³⁴S高于闪锌矿,硫同位素分馏并未达到平衡,生物成因硫酸盐还原作用（BSR）是还原硫的主要来源。热液方解石δ¹³C_V-PDB范围为3.8‰～4.7‰,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW范围为12.0‰～16.7‰,相较于滇东北其他重要的铅锌矿床,具有明显的低δD、高δ¹⁸O_fluid特点,成矿流体中的水主要来源于岩浆水和有机水的混合,具有中—高温、低盐度特征。【结论】太平子铅锌矿在成矿物质、流体、成矿温度等均与区域上其他典型铅锌矿有较明显差别,具有典型的岩浆-热液成因特点。  相似文献   

贵州贵定半边街锌矿床地球化学特征与找矿进展     

孟庆田  周家喜  孙国涛  赵征  安琦  杨兴玉  卢贸达  肖凯  徐磊 《矿物学报》2022,42(1):51-58

贵定半边街锌矿床位于湘西—黔东铅锌成矿带西南部黄丝背斜西翼,赋存于泥盆系碳酸盐岩中。该矿床矿物组成简单,主要由闪锌矿和碳酸盐矿物（方解石、白云石）组成,黄铁矿和方铅矿次之。矿物结构以半自形-他形粒状、交代、港湾状等为主,矿石构造多为块状、纹层状和脉状。硫化物（闪锌矿、黄铁矿和方铅矿）单矿物颗粒法和LA-MC-ICPMS原位法获得的δ³⁴S值介于-20.35‰～-4.65‰,具有明显的亏重硫同位素特征,暗示该矿床成矿流体中的硫很可能来自赋矿围岩中的海相硫酸盐矿物,且经历了海相硫酸盐矿物的细菌还原作用（BSR）。方铅矿LA-MC-ICPMS原位Pb同位素组成变化范围较窄,且其²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比值介于18.362～18.365,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比值介于15.714～15.723,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb比值介于38.275～38.286,壳源特征明显,暗示成矿流体中的金属地壳来源且来源单一或多来源但均一化程度很高。通过与潜在源区及...  相似文献   

甘肃省地矿局“十三五”水文与环境地质成果及“十四五”发展设想综述          下载免费PDF全文

张家峰  丁宏伟  王世宇  尹政  郑艳 《甘肃地质》2022,(1):12-20

水文与环境地质专业服务对象涉及自然资源、生态环境、文化旅游、林业草原、水利水务、农业农村、应急管理、交通住建等政府职能管理部门,服务范围涵盖资源能源调查监测、水土污染评价防治、国土空间生态修复、旅游规划、生态环境保护与治理、防灾减灾、重大工程建设等社会经济领域,水工环队伍是资源、环境、生态、空间等国土要素调查评价、利用及保护和监测预警的重要专业技术力量。本文在总结甘肃省地矿局“十三五”期间的水文与环境地质工作在提供资源能源保障、地质技术服务方面的主要成就和支撑生态环境保护与修复方面成果的基础上,依托行业技术优势和发展基础,结合国家及省经济社会发展和生态文明建设等战略部署,面向政府需要和社会需求,分析提出了甘肃省地矿局“十四五”期间水文与环境地质业务转型升级与高质量发展的宏观设想和思路。对地勘单位适应新发展阶段的水文与环境地质工作新要求,规划部署和构建相应的新发展格局有一定的参考意义。  相似文献   

我国北方新生代玄武岩地下水化学特征及其成因——以河北省张北县为例     

何锦  郑一迪  邓启军  何雪琴 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2022,52(1):181-193

为了进一步了解我国北方新生代玄武岩地下水的赋存规律和形成演化机理,以河北省张北县玄武岩地下水为研究对象,在野外采集地下水样、测定水化学和同位素组成的基础上,利用统计分析、离子比例系数、氢氧同位素、反向地球化学模拟等方法,对区内玄武岩地下水的水化学形成机制进行了研究。结果表明:沿地下水径流方向,研究区内玄武岩地下水中多数离子质量浓度呈现增大趋势,补给区的地下水化学类型以HCO₃-Ca·Mg为主,TDS质量浓度多小于500mg/L,排泄区地下水中阴离子以Cl^-和SO₄^2-为主,阳离子以Na⁺为主,TDS质量浓度多大于1 400mg/L;研究区地下水补给来源为当地大气降水;硅铝酸盐、岩盐、硫酸盐的风化溶解是地下水中离子的主要来源;溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用和农业施肥等人类活动影响是控制地下水化学形成的主要作用。  相似文献